Paul Poiret (20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944, Paris, France)was a leading French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake haute couture house. His contributions to his field have been likened to Picasso's legacy in 20th-century art. Alexandre Paul Poiret né à Paris le 20 avril 1879 et mort dans la même ville le 30 avril 1944 est un grand couturier et parfumeur français. Connu pour ses audaces, il est considéré comme un précurseur du style Art déco. Il crée la maison de couture qui porte son nom en 1903. BiographyPaul Poiret was born on 20 April 1879 to a cloth merchant in the poor neighborhood of Les Halles, Paris. His older sister, Jeanne, would later become a jewelry designer. Poiret's parents, in an effort to rid him of his natural pride, apprenticed him to an umbrella maker. There, he collected scraps of silk left over from the cutting of umbrella patterns, and fashioned clothes for a doll that one of his sisters had given him. While a teenager, Poiret took his sketches to Louise Chéruit, a prominent dressmaker, who purchased a dozen from him. Poiret continued to sell his drawings to major Parisian couture houses, until he was hired by Jacques Doucet in 1898. His first design, a red cloth cape, sold 400 copies. He became famous after designing a black mantle of tulle over a black taffeta, painted by the famous fan painter Billotey. The actress Réjane used it in a play called Zaza, the stage then becoming a typical strategy of Poiret's marketing practices. In 1901, Poiret moved to the House of Worth, where he was responsible for designing simple, practical dresses, called "fried potatoes" by Gaston Worth because they were considered side dishes to Worth's main course of "truffles". The "brazen modernity of his designs," however, proved too much for Worth's conservative clientele. When Poiret presented the Russian Princess Bariatinsky with a Confucius coat with an innovative kimono-like cut, for instance, she exclaimed, "What a horror! When there are low fellows who run after our sledges and annoy us, we have their heads cut off, and we put them in sacks just like that." This reaction prompted Poiret to fund his own maison. Poiret established his own house in 1903. In his first years as an independent couturier, he broke with established conventions of dressmaking and subverted other ones. In 1903, he dismissed the petticoat, and later, in 1906, he did the same with the corset. Poiret made his name with his controversial kimono coat and similar, loose-fitting designs created specifically for an uncorseted, slim figure. Poiret designed flamboyant window displays and threw sensational parties to draw attention to his work. His instinct for marketing and branding was unmatched by any other Parisian designer, although the pioneering fashion shows of the British-based Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon) had already attracted tremendous publicity. In 1909, he was so famous, Margot Asquith, wife of British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, invited him to show his designs at 10 Downing Street. The cheapest garment at the exhibition was 30 guineas, double the annual salary of a scullery maid. Poiret's house expanded to encompass interior decoration and fragrance. In 1911, he introduced "Parfums de Rosine," named after his daughter, becoming the first French couturier to launch a signature fragrance, although again the London designer Lucile had preceded him with a range of in-house perfumes as early as 1907. In 1911 Poiret unveiled "Parfums de Rosine" with a flamboyant soiree held at his palatial home, attended by the cream of Parisian society and the artistic world. Poiret fancifully christened the event "la mille et deuxième nuit" (The Thousand and Second Night), inspired by the tales of the One Thousand and One Nights. His gardens were illuminated by lanterns, set with tents, and live, tropical birds. Poiret dressed as a Sultan bearing a whip, and Madame Poiret luxuriated in a golden cage. Poiret encouraged guests to dress in Orientalist styles, including harem pants and "lampshade" tunics similar to the one worn by his wife. Poiret the reigning sultan gifted each guest with a bottle of his new fragrance creation, appropriately named to befit the occasion, "Nuit Persane." His marketing strategy, played out as entertainment, became the talk of Paris. A second scent debuted in 1912 – "Le Minaret," again emphasizing the harem theme. Again in 1911, publisher Lucien Vogel dared photographer Edward Steichen to promote fashion as a fine art in his work. Steichen responded by snapping photos of gowns designed by Poiret, hauntingly backlit and shot at inventive angles. These were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration. According to historian Jesse Alexander, the occasion is "now considered to be the first ever modern fashion photography shoot," in which garments were imaged as much for their artistic quality as their formal appearance. A year later, Vogel began his renowned fashion journal La Gazette du Bon Ton, which showcased Poiret's designs, drawn by top illustrators, along with six other leading Paris designers – Louise Chéruit, Georges Doeuillet, Jacques Doucet, Jeanne Paquin, Redfern, and the House of Worth. However, notable couture names were missing from this brilliant assemblage, including such major tastemakers as Lucile, Jeanne Lanvin and the Callot Soeurs. Also in 1911, Poiret launched the École Martine, a home decor division of his design house, named for his second daughter. The establishment provided artistically inclined, working-class girls with trade skills and income. That same year Poiret leased part of the property at 109 Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré to his friend Henri Barbazanges, who opened the Galerie Barbazanges to exhibit contemporary art. The building was beside Poiret's 18th century mansion at 26 Avenue d'Antin. Poiret reserved the right to hold two exhibitions each year. Artists included Pablo Picasso, who showed Les Demoiselles d'Avignon for the first time, Amedeo Modigliani, Moïse Kisling, Manuel Ortiz de Zárate and Marie Vassilieff. Poiret also arranged concerts of new music at the gallery, often in combination with exhibitions of new art. The 1916 Salon d'Antin included readings of poetry by Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, and performances of work by Erik Satie, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Georges Auric. Early in World War I, Poiret left his fashion house to serve the military. When he returned in 1919, the business was on the brink of bankruptcy. New designers like Coco Chanel were producing simple, sleek clothes that relied on excellent workmanship. In comparison, Poiret's elaborate designs seemed dowdy and poorly manufactured. (Though Poiret's designs were groundbreaking, his construction was not – he aimed only for his dresses to "read beautifully from afar.") In 1922, he was invited to New York to design costumes and dresses for Broadway stars. He took his top designer (France Martano) and an entourage with him, enjoying the elegant life at sea. New York City, however, was not home and he soon returned to Paris leaving his top designer there in his stead. Back in Paris, Poiret was increasingly unpopular, in debt, and lacking support from his business partners. He soon left the fashion empire he had established. In 1929, the house was closed, its leftover stock sold by the kilogram as rags. When Poiret died in 1944, his genius had been forgotten. His road to poverty led him to odd jobs, including work as a street painter, selling drawings to customers of Paris cafes. At one time, the 'Chambre syndicale de la Haute Couture' discussed providing a monthly allowance to aid Poiret, an idea rejected by Worth, at that time president of the group. Only his friend and one of his right hand-designers from his pre-WWI era, France Martano (married name: Benureau), helped him in his era of poverty, when most of Parisian society had forgotten him. At the end of his life, he dined regularly in her family's Paris apartment and she ensured he was not wanting for food. His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial. Paul Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his technique of draping fabric, an alternative to the more popular tailoring and use of patterns. Poiret was influenced by both antique and regional dress, and favoured clothing cut along straight lines and decorated with rectangular motifs. The structural simplicity of his clothing represented a "pivotal moment in the emergence of modernism" generally, and "effectively established the paradigm of modern fashion, irrevocably changing the direction of costume history. Poiret is associated with the decline of corsetry in women's fashion and the invention of the hobble skirt. He once boasted "yes, I freed the bust, but I shackled the legs." Poiret was not the only one responsible for the change in women's supportive garments, however, and the diminished role of corsetry was a result of various factors. Poiret is often described as an Orientalist, and his creations often drew inspiration from various Eastern styles which were at odds with other fashionable Edwardian modes. BiographieFils d'Auguste Poiret (vers 1840-1903), marchand-drapier aux blés des Halles centrales, et de Louise Heinrich, son épouse, Paul Poiret est le second enfant et le seul garçon d'une fratrie de quatre enfants. Il a trois sœurs. L'aînée, Jeanne (1871-1959) épousera le bijoutier René Boivin (1864-1917) ; la cadette, Germaine (1885-1971), modiste et artiste peintre, s'unira à un certain Bongard et tiendra de 1911 à 1925 au 5, rue de Penthièvre à Paris une maison de couture connue sous le nom de Jove, dans laquelle elle exposera des œuvres d'artistes de l'École de Paris ; la benjamine, Nicole (1887-1967) donnera à son époux, l'ébéniste André Groult (1884-1967) deux enfants : Benoîte Groult et Flora Groult. Paul Poiret épouse le 5 octobre 1905 à Paris Denise Boulet (1886-1982). Le couple aura cinq enfants : Rosine (née en 1906), Perrine (vers 1910), Martine (1911) , Colin (1912) et Gaspard (vers 1913). Paul Poiret est embauché comme dessinateur de mode chez Doucet en 1898, puis travaille chez Worth de 1901 à 1903. Il ouvre sa maison de couture en septembre 1903 et habille Réjane, ce qui le lance. Il est le premier couturier, avec Madeleine Vionnet, à supprimer le corset en 1906, en créant des robes taille haute. Il devient ainsi un pionnier de l'émancipation féminine. En 1908, il confie à Paul Iribe de dessin du catalogue Les Robes de Paul Poiret racontées par Paul Iribe. Le caractère novateur de l'ouvrage lui confère un grand succès. En 1909, il fait l'acquisition de l'ancien hôtel du Gouverneur des pages (xviiie siècle), 107, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré, dont le jardin s'étend jusqu'à une grille de clôture à hauteur du 26, avenue d'Antin. Il confie l'aménagement de cet hôtel particulier en lieu de vie pour lui et sa famille, en lieu de travail et en siège pour sa maison de couture à l'architecte et décorateur ensemblier Louis Süe(1875-1968) qui opte pour le style néo-Louis XVI. En 1910, l'orientalisme est à la mode. Les ballets russes et Léon Bakst triomphent à Paris. Poiret suit la tendance. Il achète les tissus colorés du Wiener Werkstätte à Vienne avec qui il entame une longue collaboration. Le 24 juin 1911 Poiret donne la somptueuse fête costumée persane sur le thème La mille & deuxième nuit, à laquelle sont conviés 300 invités, essentiellement des artistes. La maison est fermée de tapisseries pour l'évènement qui fera date. Le premier salon est aménagé en « cour sablée où, sous un vélum bleu essor, des fontaines jaillissaient dans des vasques en porcelaines ». De nombreuses personnalités sont présentées, comme les peintres Luc-Albert Moreau et Guy-Pierre Fauconnet, l'actrice Régina Badet ou la princesse Murat, alors que le tragédien Édouard de Max conte Les Sept Vizirs. Cette même année, Poiret lance Les Parfums de Rosine — du prénom de sa première fille — et devient le premier à imaginer le « parfum de couturier » qu'il conçoit en harmonie avec ses créations. Il ouvre un laboratoire au 39, rue du Colisée et une usine à Courbevoie incluant un atelier de verrerie et de cartonnerie pour le conditionnement. Les premières compositions sont imaginées par Maurice Schaller puis par Henri Alméras, mais Poiret s'implique personnellement. Jusqu'en 1929, ce sont 35 parfums qui sortent des usines, dont certains adoptent des noms singuliers comme Shakhyamuni (1913) ou Hahna l’Étrange Fleur (1919). Toujours en 1911, il se diversifie dans les broderies et les imprimés avec les Ateliers de Martine — du prénom de sa deuxième fille —. Georges Lepape collabore à l'album Les Choses de Paul Poiret pour présenter ses robes. Il fait aussi appel à d'autres artistes peintres comme Raoul Dufy, Mario Simon, André Marty, etc. En 1911, pendant son voyage en Russie, Poiret s'installe chez son amie et grande couturière russe Nadejda Lamanova dans son atelier au boulevard Tverskoï (Moscou) et donne trois défilés de mode. Entre 1911 et 1917, il loue et restaure le pavillon du Butard à La Celle-Saint-Cloud et l'utilise comme résidence estivale et écrin de grandes fêtes, dont celle restée célèbre en date du 20 juin 1912 — « Festes de Bacchus » — à l'occasion de laquelle il crée un costume de bacchante : robe en mousseline de soie imprimée et un « châle Knossos » de Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo, portés par Denise Poiret. Isadora Duncan danse sur les tables au milieu de 300 invités et 900 bouteilles de champagne furent consommées jusqu'aux premières lueurs du jour. Antérieurement, il avait fait construire à l'Île-Tudy la villa Kermaria où il organisa aussi des fêtes somptueuses ; les peintres Bernard Naudin et Raoul Dufy par exemple y séjournèrent, ainsi que le poète Max Jacob. Il fait partie du cercle des Mortigny, fondé par Dimitri d'Osnobichine, qui regroupe de nombreux artistes et habitués de la vie parisienne, cercle qui fonctionne jusque dans les années 1950. Poiret connaît le triomphe : il habille les comédiennes les plus en vue ; c'est lui qui gaine de soie la première vamp de l'histoire, Irma Vep, interprétée par Musidora sous la direction de Louis Feuillade. Il habille également le Tout-Paris, aidé par sa femme Denise qui se fait ambassadrice de la marque. Il s'inspire de ses nombreux voyages pour créer des vêtements marqués par l'Orient, la Russie, l'Afrique du Nord. En collaboration avec le peintre Raoul Dufy, il lance des imprimés audacieux. Plus tard, il crée la jupe-culotte et la jupe entravée, qui font scandale. On lui doit la coupe du pantalon bleu horizon porté par les poilus à partir de fin 1916. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, son étoile commence à pâlir. La clientèle le délaisse pour un style plus épuré. La Maison Paul Poiret connaît ses premières difficultés financières en 1923, mais poursuit ses activités grâce au soutien financier de Georges Aubert. En 1921-1923 il fait construire à Mézy-sur-Seine (Yvelines) la villa Paul Poiret, dessinée par Robert Mallet-Stevens, dont la construction est interrompue par les difficultés financières du couturier en 1923, et qui ne sera terminée qu'en 1932 par Elvire Popesco, qui l'avait rachetée deux ans auparavant. Il possédait également la villa Casablanca à Biarritz, construite en 1922 par Guillaume Tronchet et rachetée ensuite par Jean Patou. Il possédait également la villa Treizaine à Gassin, sur la route de Saint-Tropez, où il peint. Sa participation à l'Exposition internationale des Arts décoratifs et industriels modernes en 1925 est très remarquée : il présente ses collections sur trois péniches baptisées Délices, Amours et Orgues. En 1927, il joue avec Colette dans sa pièce La Vagabonde.
En 1928, Paul Poiret publie Pan, Annuaire du luxe à Paris, aux Éditions Devambez, très bel annuaire qui réunit presque tous les grands noms du commerce de luxe de l'époque. Publié et conçu par lui, il est illustré de 116 planches en noir et en couleurs par les plus grands artistes contemporains. Cet album offre un panorama important sur la publicité des années 1920 : tailleurs, chapeliers, cannes, bottiers, couturiers, lingerie, fourrures, bijoux, la table, orfèvrerie, primeurs, vins, fleurs, galeries d'exposition, photographes, pharmaciens, restaurants, hôtels, cabarets, voyages, sports, bagages, plages, chevaux, chasse, pêche, etc. Fin novembre 1929, la maison Paul Poiret ferme, du fait de la crise économique. les Parfums de Rosine sont rachetés par Oriza L. Legrand. En 1930 il publie En habillant l'époque et invente la gaine, souple et confortable. Il publie trois livres de mémoires et meurt en partie ruiné et oublié en 1944. Il repose désormais au cimetière de Montmartre à Paris. Sa marque commerciale est un turban très enveloppant orné d'une aigrette, que son épouse rend célèbre.
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